6 — Hashing

How Python's dict/set turn an O(n) or O(n²) scan into O(1) average-case lookups, when that average case breaks down, and where hashing trades away information — order — that a problem still needs.

Data Structures & Algorithms

A book-shaped table of contents for MAANG-interview DSA prep: Python language foundations, mathematical and algorithmic foundations, arrays/strings, linked structures, stacks/queues, trees, graphs, sorting/searching, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, backtracking, bit manipulation, advanced data structures, advanced algorithms, interview problem patterns, and MAANG interview mastery — a book-length progression from fundamentals to Google/Meta/Amazon/Apple/Netflix/Microsoft (L4–L6) interview readiness.

1 — Sparse Table

O(1) range-minimum/maximum queries on a static array via O(n log n) precomputation.

2 — Treap

Randomized BST combining heap priorities with BST ordering for expected O(log n) balance without explicit rotation logic.

3 — Rope

Binary-tree-of-string-chunks structure for O(log n) concatenation/insertion on very large strings.

4 — B-Tree

Multi-way balanced tree minimizing disk reads, the structure behind most database indexes.